Research standards

Evidence and scope

Distinguish evidence, models, hypotheses and conjectures. State assumptions, scope, limitations and unresolved questions; examine primary sources, counterexamples and alternative explanations.

Connections across fields need explicit arguments at each level. Provide derivations, code and other materials where feasible so that claims can be checked.

Authorship and AI assistance

Human authors are responsible for claims, citations and results. Disclose substantive AI assistance when it affects interpretation, reproducibility or accountability. Disclose funding and relevant competing interests with public outputs.

Publication and corrections

Label manuscripts, preprints and peer-reviewed publications accurately. Identify reference versions, preserve substantive earlier releases and record corrections that affect interpretation.

Repository deposits and identifiers do not establish peer review.